Police Brutality A Minority Group Concern Essay examples

Relations between the police and minority groups are a continuing problem in many multiracial societies. Surveys consistently document racial differences in perceptions of the police, with minorities more likely than whites to harbor negative views. (Weitzer and Tuch, Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct, 2004) A great deal of society views law enforcement officers as heroic and honorable individuals, whose main purpose is to protect and serve the community. For many officers, this description is accurate, however for others; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is part of getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other†¦show more content†¦Racial profiling is an example of police brutality, which is defined by Gross and Livingston (2002) as â€Å"the practice of some officers of stopping motorists of certain racial or ethnic groups because the officer believe that these groups are more likely than others to commit certain types of crimes† (p.1413). Therefore, individuals are treated unfairly by law enforcement solely based on their race. This type of mistreatment is unmerited and ultimately a violation of an individual’s rights. However, in many instances the court s do not find it a violation of their civil rights based on the fact that racial profiling is difficult to prove. Often, prosecutors are disinclined in bringing forth a case against officers on this particular matter. Officers are permitted to stop and search individuals and their vehicles whenever there is reasonable suspicion, however, there has been studies that prove that some law enforcement officers restrict these rights primarily to minority groups. Bowling and Phillips found that although there was no formal monitoring of use of these powers, it was concluded that it was particularly heavy use of these powers against ethnic minorities, largely of young black people (as cited in Sharp Atherton, 2007, p. 747) . In several cases, officers argue that they reasonably pulled an individual over for other probable grounds such as: traffic violations, suspicious behavior, etc., with race never being anShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Based On Racial Profiling1682 Words   |  7 Pa gesothers; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is the key to getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other unjustifiable reasons that has cost several innocent lives. The involvement of officers in police brutality against minority social groups causes tainted and negative views on policing and their overall duty to protect, when they are ultimately the aggressors in this case. Police brutality is a violent incidentRead MorePolice Brutality Today s Media1626 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Brutality What do most people think of the topic of police brutality? More than once, images and stories of minorities civil rights being taken away become the topic of conversation. It is heart wrenching to see these videos and hear these stories of police brutality in today’s media. Every day there seems to be another headlining case on the topic of police brutality. Police brutality isn’t just law enforcement officers abusing the power granted to them; however, it is a much larger issueRead MoreEffects Of Police Brutality1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe article that i read talked about how the minority groups have been victims of police brutality for many years. It has also mentioned the fact that Police brutality has been an issue for many years, and it remains a major concern for those of the minority community. Even though police brutality is used to describe physical harm it can also be used as as a way to psychological harm used by police to intimidate citizens. However, after the Emancipation, lynching became a prominent form of violenceRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Of Citizens1205 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Brutality, the use of excessive force commonly physical, but also in forms such as: false arrest, racial profiling, surveillance abuse, sexual abuse, verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. This is a ruthless act and issue that continues to be a major problem for both people in law enforcement, but majorly to the public and is life threatening. It is a saddening act that jeopardizes the civil rights of citizens and the rights of people around the world. Police officersRead MorePolice Brutality1314 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality Those of the minority community have been subjected, for many decades, to violence by those in law enforcement in the United States. This type of violence is a direct depiction of police brutality, which often leads to death. Police brutality has been an issue for many years, and it remains a major concern for those of the minority community. Over the past five centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive forceRead MoreCrime: Police Brutality and Conclusion A. Police Essay examples1706 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Police Part I: Outline Eileen Garcia CJA/344 Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice June 17, 2013 STEPHEN HUMPHRIES Police corruption and citizen complaints relative to ethnicity I. Introduction A. Police corruption Police corruption has become an international problem. This was initially a common practice during the period when the police institutions were being developed but the effect has been felt by many people, even affecting peacekeeping operations. The police abuseRead MoreThe Case Of Michael Brown s Death1102 Words   |  5 PagesMissouri, took place. A police officer shot an unarmed black teenager after an incident which was clouded in unclear details. At first, no one really knew whether the officer had been in the right to shoot Brown, or what the circumstances were for either side of the incident. However, eventually, the details started to not matter. The events around Michael Brown’s case became the spark that ignited a nationwide movement to fight against police brutality towards minorities, specifically African AmericansRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Is Play Written About A Family In The1592 Words   |  7 Pagesover today. One of the issues it tackles is racial violence. In the play, the family deals with the threat of racial violence from people who don’t want them to move into their new house. Today, many feel that racial violence is being done by the police. The story also deals with the family’s struggles to buy a house and the abuse they face for buying a house. Their struggles can be related to housing discrimination that many people fell happen today. This essay uses a scholarly source that showsRead MoreRace, Racism, And Racial Disparities1551 Words   |  7 Pages Race, Racism, and Racial Disparities in Police Brutality I. Introduction In recent years and in light of recent tragedies, police actions, specifically police brutality, has come into view of a large, public and rather critical eye. The power to take life rests in the final stage of the criminal justice system. However, the controversy lies where due process does not. While the use of deadly force is defined and limited by departmental policies, it remains an act guided chiefly by the judgment ofRead MoreThe Violence Of Police Brutality907 Words   |  4 Pagesto note that police brutality is not synonymous to racism against a particular group. However, there is a stigma that police often racially profile a specific African Americans. In February 2015, two cases of police brutality did not involve African Americans; instead the two victims were a Hispanic shot and killed in Washington State and an Indian-American severely paralyzed in Alabama. Even with this considered, of late, a majority of police brutality cases have involved minorities and specifi cally

Who Is Born Into Their Family - 1702 Words

The order in which a person is born into their family plays substantial role in the individual’s development of personality. Birth order is believed to influence many aspects of one’s personality. The familial atmosphere is the first group experience a child has and the child’s role in their family influences the development of the child’s individual personality traits. In families, children learn what is valuable and meaningful to their parents and siblings and they compete with their siblings for various roles before they find their personal niche in the family (Stewart et al., 2001). As children are socialized into their families, the children make a place for themselves and no two children make a place for themselves exactly alike. Adler (Weiten, 1998), best known for his theories regarding striving for superiority, was one of the first in the field of psychology to theorize about the differences birth order can make. Adler had a successful older broth er, but Adler was weak as a child and thus was most likely affected with the desire to assert himself and prove his worth. Adler’s theory stressed the social aspect of personality development and therefore proposed the possibility of birth order and its significance in the interpersonal relationships of family life. He felt that each position in the order, whether first or last, had distinct characteristics. Birth order is the chronological order of sibling births in a family. Every single child has a different type ofShow MoreRelatedIs Birth Order Important?1071 Words   |  4 PagesA family consists of two parents and three children. The first born is a perfectionist and does fairly well in school. The second-born is rebellious and yet extremely sociable. Finally, the baby of the family is always in the spotlight and extremely charming. Another family with two parents and three children notices similar qualities in their children. It is no coincidence that these children have similar personality patterns. Every birth order has a certain personality that is caused by the influenceRead MoreThe Social Birth Order Theory1712 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluences that have greater impact early in life. When it comes to the disposition of a person, the order in which they were born within a family leaves an ineffaceable effect. A child’s inclination toward certain personality traits can be the result of their inherent position within their family. Many famous psychologists theorize about and study the effects of family birth order among siblings. The most renowned psychologist in the world, Sigmund Freud, broke away from a group of his originalRead MoreEssay about How Birth Order Affects One’s Personality1327 Words   |  6 PagesOne’s Personality Everyone in the world is born with a special and unique character. Some of their personality is shaped by their surroundings as they grow up as well as the factor of genetics. It is believed by some psychologists/researchers that birth order has a tendency to influence parts of the personality. Birth order isn’t a simplistic 1-2-3 system that says all first borns are equally one way, all second children are another and last-born kids are always just like this or that. These areRead MoreMy Family : A Family1205 Words   |  5 PagesMy family comes from a very different background between both my parents. In this family tree summary I will describe how my family emigrated from Ireland in the late 1800s and early 1900s to seek a different lifestyle. My mother and father come from very different backgrounds medically and with very different upbringings. My father, John, side of the family is very different from my mothers. My great great grandparents arrived from Ireland in the late 1800s arriving from Dublin in hope for a brighterRead MoreI Am The Second Of Four Children1059 Words   |  5 PagesI am the second of four children in my family, and I have always speculated that many of our personality and temperament differences have to do with our birth orders. My brother is the oldest child and has always been known for being both independent and responsible. My youngest sister is tough, energetic, and more dependent than my siblings and I have been. I also have one more sister younger than me who exhibits what is typically referred to as â€Å"middle child characteristics†. She is quiet,Read MoreKinship : Who Are We?762 Words   |  4 PagesWho Are We? Kinship can help define who we are, through the values we subscribe to, where we live, and even our political and religious beliefs. Kinship, or families, are a part of all societies, and has been said to be the most basic of all social institutions—it is how people of different cultures categorize the people they are connected to, and that has a lot of influence on a person’s life. But kinship doesn’t always equal family. I’ve heard the phrase, â€Å"she is like kin to us.† That’s becauseRead MoreDoes Birth Order have an effect on an individual’s personality, social skills, and success in life?1685 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant that impact is.† Birth order describes not only what order a child is born into a family but also has an effect on an individuals personality, social skills, and success in life. If you are a first born child, does that mean you are a perfectionist, tend to be a natural leader, and are more successf ul than your younger siblings? Does being born last make you less able to compete in life? First born children often possess personality traits such as being conscientious, very organizedRead More Birth Orders Effect on Personality Essay522 Words   |  3 Pagesway to gain an understanding of friends, family members and co-workers. Research has shown that the birth-order indeed has an effect on personality. Birth-order of course does not explain everything about human behavior, personality is also affected by many different factors such as heritage, the environment of the upbringing, family size, education etc. There are four basic classifications of birth-order: the oldest, the only, the middle and the youngest born. Each has its own set of advantages andRead MoreThe Effects of Birth Order on the Personality of an Individual1444 Words   |  6 Pagesuncontrollable. Among the uncontrollable altercations, birth order is perhaps the largest influence on a persons disposition. Personality is influenced by the place a person has in their family as well as the family si tuation. It is important whether an individual is an only child, first born, second born, third born, a boy among girls, or a girl among boys, and so on. Birth order is a key element in gaining an understanding of ones self as well as other people. Through birth order placement, oneRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Poverty1448 Words   |  6 Pages Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Recent Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Poverty during pregnancy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Facts and Consequences About being born into poverty...4 Being Born Into Poverty Essay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Some People Who Were Born Into Poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6-7 Ways To Stay Out Of Poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 How Poverty Will Affect You Life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 How I Will Stay Out Of Poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10

What Is Social Work free essay sample

Groups such as teachers, nurses and doctors identified themselves as ‘Social workers’, in so doing gave a broad definition of Social Work but failed to identify some of the more detailed aspects of the social work role. Thompson (2009). These are statutory duties which investigated children who were abused, supervising children who were cared for by the local authority and applying for a person to be locked up in an infirmary when their mental state presented a serious risk of harm to themselves others. Payne (1997) describes some varied approaches to social work; they are the ‘individualism – reformism, socialist – collectivism and reflective therapeutic. (Payne, cited in Thompson p. 13). ‘Individualism – reformism’ subscribes to the notion that Social Work is an activity meant for meeting the social welfare needs of a person while ‘socialist – collectivism’ seeks to encourage and actively endorse co operation in society. This enables those exploited and deprived to gain control and authority over their own lives. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Social Work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ‘reflective therapeutic’ approach on the other hand promotes and encourages personal growth; this then enables people to deal with any anguish and disadvantages they experience. (Thompson, N. , 2005). Thompson (2009) states that to achieve these, the social worker is required to obtain certain skills to meet these goals. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work (CCETSW) printed an article in 1996 highlighting the various competences and skill a social worker must possess. This was to establish that they were ‘fit for practice’ while on placements and when qualified as practitioners. These consist of communication skills, self –awareness skills, critical skills, self management skills, reflective skills, creativity, compassion and observational skills and the ability to think on their feet. A practitioner has to be able to communicate or get their message across effectively. This was either through written or spoken words and being sensitive to what the service user was willing to communicate to the social worker and also engaging with them. This was one of the basic elements that contributed to effective practice. (Thompson, N. , 2009). Another area of skill needed published by CCETSW in 1996 was for practitioners to encourage opportunities and persuade service users to use their own capabilities and strengths, to enable them meet their responsibilities, protect rights and be able to accomplish change. Both the social worker and the service user bring a degree of knowledge to most situations, hence working in partnership will involve recognising and building on that knowledge. As social workers are seen by most service users as ‘problem solvers’, there is a tendency that the focus will be on the ‘problem and negatives’, thereby ignoring the strengths and positives that a service user might have. Reflective practise enables a social worker to learn and improve on practise as they avoid uncritical and routine practise and are open to new ideas. (Thompson, N. , 2009). The ability to learn from practice is a precursor to developing other skills such as conflict management and partnership skills. (Thompson, N. , 2009). This is achieved through reviewing practice on a regular basis and not losing sight of objectives that have been identified and agreed upon. Evaluating practice by inviting feedback from clients enables a social worker to reflect on their practice. Thompson (2009) highlights the need for social workers to have sensitivity and observational skills as many aspects of social work are emotionally highly charged. Social Work does not only rely on the skills of the practitioner, it incorporates ethics and values and the legal framework that governs it.

There is a garden in her face Essays - Color, Optical Spectrum

"There is a garden in her face" Tomas Campion In "There is a garden in her face" the speaker describes and compliments a lady on her feminine beauty and beautiful features. The speaker uses metaphors and si miles to compare the lady to the wonders of nature and to emphasize her beauty. In the first stanza, the speaker compares the lady's face to a garden ; it means that her face is as beautiful a s a garden . "There is a garden in her face"(1). The lady's face is labeled a "garden" filled with flowers, "where rose s and white lilies grow "(2) He uses metaphors to compare her cheeks to roses; roses are red that means her cheeks are red, and he also compares her skin to white lilies. The speaker is describing this strikingly beautiful lady; she has a white skin with a red cheeks. In addition , he compares the lady's face to heaven "A heav'nly paradise is that place" (3) , this might mean that the lady is extremely beautiful just like a paradise, or that her be auty has fallen from heaven. He continues to say "Wherein all pleasant fruits do grow"(4) this could mean that everything in her face is pleasant, beautiful and gorgeous. The "white lilies"(2) might also symbolize the image of a lady of purity; white is the color of innocence and pureness. The speaker is saying that she is still innocent. The picture of a lady as a divine goddess is emphasized by the reference to heaven "A heav'nly paradise is that place"(3) . This might mean that this lady cannot be touched or reached because she is angelic creature. This beautiful lady is from heaven, a place no human can grasp in this life. The sound effect in the first stanza amplifies the mood and tone of it ; they are calm, soft and peaceful. The / P / sound might indicate that the lady the poet is talking about is soft and delicate. He also compares her lips to "cherries"; cherries are red that means her lip s are red and lovely, but these cherries are not for sale yet . "There cherries grow that none may buy"(5). This means that her lips are sealed for now. The pretty lady the speaker talks about might be just a young girl that has not yet matured into a lady. She is beautiful like a garden, heaven ly and innocent . "There cherries grow that none may buy"(5) this line emphasizes the idea that her lips , which are described as cherries, are cherries not yet "ripe" for kissing. She is not ready to respond to a lover or for a kiss. This lady is only approachable when she is mature enough and indicates that she is ready. "Till Cherry-Ripe themselves do cry"(6) . In this line the speaker uses personification and gives the cherries human traits, he say "cherry ripe" and "do cry" cherries do not cry.

buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay

buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay How and why ESP is taught in China Central University of Science and Technology (A case study on ESP teaching in Central China University of Science and Technology) Please fill in the questionnaire to enable the researcher to get reliable information. The information received will be used for academic purpose only. A. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Gender a) Female b) male Please select your age bracket a) 51 years and above b) 41-50 years c) 31-40 years d) 21-30 years e) Below 20 years 3) Are you a student or a teacher? a) Student b) Teacher 4. Do you think teaching ESP is necessary when preparing for a career or a certain study? a) Yes b) No c) Dont Know 5. Do you think ESP learning in China Universities is done effectively? a) Yes b) No c) Not sure 6. Do you enjoy learning or teaching ESP course as demanded by your specialization? a) Yes b) No If yes or no state why......................................................................... 7. What are the main features in teaching ESP? Kindly mention them briefly using A comma to separate your points .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................... 8) How does ESP differ from GE in terms of teaching? ESP GE i i ii ii iii iii iv iv v v vi vi 9. Do you think there are favorable or unfavorable conditions faced by teachers of ESP in Wuhan University and Wuhan University of Technology a) Favorable b) Unfavorable If favorable or unfavorable mention them separating your points with a comma .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11. How can the mentioned unfavorable conditions be improved without altering favorable ones? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12. What perception do teachers and students have of ESP and the pedagogical approaches in teaching ESP?........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13. Are there enough ESP teaching materials in the Central China University of Science and Technology? Yes No If yes or no are they relevant? Yes No 14. Do you think that ESP courses taught in the Central China University of Science and Technology are content based? Yes they are No they are not 15. What would you recommend in improving ESP teaching in China Universities and other institutions of higher learning globally?........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Key: ESP- English for Specific Purposes GE- General English (Use this symbol to mark your opinion) Buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay

Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land

Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land Hunter gatherers, with or without a dash, is the term used by anthropologists and archaeologists to describe a specific kind of lifestyle: simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods (called foraging) rather than grow or tend crops. The hunter-gatherer lifestyle was what all human beings followed from the Upper Paleolithic of some 20,000 years ago, until the invention of agriculture about 10,000 years ago. Not every group of us on the planet embraced agriculture and pastoralism, and there are still small, relatively isolated groups today who practice hunting and gathering to one extent or another. Shared Characteristics Hunter-gatherer societies vary in many respects: how much they relied (or rely) on hunting for game versus foraging for plants; how often they moved; how egalitarian their society was. Hunter-gatherer societies of the past and present do have some shared characteristics. In a paper for the  Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University, which has collected ethnographic studies from all types of human societies for decades and ought to know, Carol Ember  defines hunter-gatherers as fully or semi-nomadic people who live in small communities with low population densities, do not have specialized political officers, have little defines hunter-gatherers as fully or semi-nomadic people who live in small communities with low population densities, do not have specialized political officers, have little status differentiation, and divide up required tasks by gender and age. Remember, though, that agriculture and pastoralism werent handed to humans by some extraterrestrial force: the people who began the process of domesticating plants and animals were hunter-gatherers. Full-time hunter-gatherers domesticated dogs, and also maize, broomcorn millet and wheat. They also invented pottery, shrines, and religion, and living in communities. The question is probably best expressed as which came first, domesticated crop or domesticated farmer? Living Hunter-Gatherer Groups Up until about a hundred years ago, hunter-gatherer societies were unknown and unbothered by the rest of us. But in the early 20th century, Western anthropologists became aware of and interested in the groups. Today, there are very few (if any) groups who are unconnected to modern society, taking advantage of modern tools, clothing, and foods, being followed by research scientists and becoming susceptible to modern diseases. Despite that contact, there are still groups who get at least a major portion of their subsistence by hunting wild game and gathering wild plants. Some living hunter-gatherer groups include: Ache (Paraguay), Aka (Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo), Baka (Gabon and Cameroon), Batek (Malaysia), Efe (Democratic Republic of the Congo), G/Wi San (Botswana), Lengua (Paraguay), Mbuti (eastern Congo), Nukak (Colombia), !Kung (Namibia), Toba/Qom (Argentina), Palanan Agta (Phillippines), Ju/hoansi or Dobe (Namibia). Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Arguably, the Hadza of eastern Africa are the most studied living hunter-gatherer groups today. Currently, there are about 1,000 people who call themselves Hadza, although only about 250 are still full-time hunter-gatherers. They live in a savanna-woodland habitat of about 4,000 square kilometers (1,500 square miles) around Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzaniawhere some of our most ancient hominid ancestors also lived. They live in mobile camps of about 30 individuals per camp. The Hadza move their campsites about once every 6 weeks and camp membership changes as people move in and out. The Hadza diet is made up of honey, meat, berries, baobab fruit, tubers and in one region, marula nuts. The men search for animals, honey and sometimes fruit; Hadza women and children specialize in tubers. The men typically go hunting every day, spending between two and six hours hunting alone or in small groups. They hunt birds and small mammals using ​bow and arrow; hunting large game is assisted with poisoned arrows. The men always carry a bow and arrow with them, even if theyre out to get honey, just in case something turns up.​​​ Recent Studies Based on a quick peek into Google Scholar, there are thousands of studies published each year about hunter-gatherers. How do those scholars keep up? Some recent studies I looked at (listed below) have discussed systematic sharing, or the lack of it, among hunter-gatherer groups; responses to the ebola crisis; handedness (hunter-gatherers are predominantly right-handed); color naming (Hadza hunter gatherers have fewer consistent color names but a larger set of idiosyncratic or less common color categories; gut metabolism; tobacco use; anger research; and pottery use by Jomon hunter-gatherers. As researchers have learned more about hunter-gatherer groups, theyve come to recognize that there are groups who have some characteristics of agricultural communities: they live in settled communities, or have gardens when they tend crops, and some of them have social hierarchies, with chiefs and commoners. Those types of groups are referred to as Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Sources The Human Relations Area Files is an excellent place for conducting research on ethnographic studies on hunter-gatherers (or really any human society, past or present). See Carol R. Embers paper linked below. Berbesque JC, Wood BM, Crittenden AN, Mabulla A, and Marlowe FW. 2016. Eat first, share later: Hadza hunter–gatherer men consume more while foraging than in central places. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(4):281-286.Cavanagh T, Berbesque JC, Wood B, and Marlowe F. 2016. Hadza handedness: Lateralized behaviors in a contemporary hunter–gatherer population. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(3):202-209.de la Iglesia HO, Fernndez-Duque E, Golombek DA, Lanza N, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, and Valeggia CR. 2015. Access to electric light is associated with shorter sleep duration in a traditionally hunter-gatherer community. Journal of Biological Rhythms 30(4):342-350.Dyble M, Salali GD, Chaudhary N, Page A, Smith D, Thompson J, Vinicius L, Mace R, and Migliano AB. 2015. Sex equality can explain the unique social structure of hunter-gatherer bands. Science 348(6236):796-798.Eerkens JW, Carlson T, Malhi RS, Blake J, Bartelink EJ, Barfod GH, Estes A, Garibay R, Glessner J, Greenwald AM e t al. 2016. Isotopic and genetic analyses of a mass grave in central California: Implications for precontact hunter-gatherer warfare. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159(1):116-125. Ember CR. 2014. Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers). Human Relations Area Files. Accessed 19 June 2016.Hewlett BS. 2016. Evolutionary Cultural Anthropology: Containing Ebola outbreaks and explaining hunter-gatherer childhoods. Current Anthropology 57(13):S000-S000.Lindsey Delwin  T, Brown Angela  M, Brainard David  H, and Apicella Coren  L. 2015. Hunter-gatherer color naming provides new insight into the evolution of color terms. Current Biology 25(18):2441-2446.Lucquin A, Gibbs K, Uchiyama J, Saul H, Ajimoto M, Eley Y, Radini A, Heron CP, Shoda S, Nishida Y et al. 2016. Ancient lipids document continuity in the use of early hunter–gatherer pottery through 9,000 years of Japanese prehistory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(15):3991-3996.Rampelli S, Schnorr Stephanie  L, Consolandi C, Turroni S, Severgnini M, Peano C, Brigidi P, Crittenden Alyssa  N, Henry Amanda  G, and Candela M. 2015. Metagenome sequencing of the Hadza hunter-gatherer gut microbiota . Current Biology 25(13):1682-1693. Roulette CJ, Hagen E, and Hewlett BS. 2016. A biocultural investigation of gender differences in tobacco use in an egalitarian hunter-gatherer population. Human Nature 27(2):105-129.

In what ways did the Reformation influence the formation of national Essay

In what ways did the Reformation influence the formation of national identity in Europe and North America - Essay Example With this view, Wolfe (2003, p. 24) notes that the vital moment in the formation of identity came when individuals came to view amorphous mass of people as sharing a common history, destiny, culture and interest. In the past few decades, the examination of the history of religion has shifted from the ghetto of clerical history to which it had been long impounded (Veer & Lehmann, 1999, p. 21). Having looked at the general state of identity in the European countries, it is imperative to focus attention on the relationship between reformation and national identity in the European and North American nations. In reference to Arnold (1999), Reformation is the religious insurgency that occurred in the Western church in 16th century. Martin Luther and John Calvin were its greatest leaders. It had far reaching political, social and economic effects and was the primary cause of Protestantism, one of the three primary divisions of Christianity. Meyer (2009) denotes that this revolution aspired to reform the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. However, the revolution’s religious elements were complemented by political leaders who aimed at extending their supremacy and control to the detriment of the church. This upsurge brought an end to the unity inflicted by medieval Christianity and, according to many historians, marked the start of a new era (Meyer, 2009). A deterioration of the old order was by now in progress in North Europe, as verified by the materialization of flourishing new cities and a resolute middle class. The efforts and determination of the leaders of reformation resulted to the creation of new protestant churches (Clark, 2000, p. 251). The world of the medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the reformers aggressed was an intricate. Over the centuries, the church, especially the papacy, had been involved in the political life of Europe. This had resulted to manipulations which prompted the reformers to revolt. The Catholic Church c ontrolled the economy of majority of Europena countries and imposed heavy taxes on the people (Meyer, 2009). Luther saw that Catholic was a way of manipulating the people and driving them away from God. In 1517, Martin Luther, posted a document referred to as the 95 theses. This document outlined reasons by why he believed that Catholicism was completely defective (Clark, 2000, p. 253). Martin Luther’s stand transformed some parts of the Roman Catholic set of guidelines and numerous other practices. He insisted on the point that the Bible and not the pope, was the main way to recognize God’s Word. The pope was an extremely worldly figure and held supremacy in the Catholic Church. For this reason, Arnold (1999) asserts that this point raised eyebrows across the continent. Martin Luther felt that the bible was the most significant aspect in spirituality which the Christians should abide to other than the orders of the pope. He felt that this was an unfair to the true sig nificance of salvation. When Luther criticized the Catholic Church, not everyone accepted him as a savior of religion. At first, he only appealed to the barbarians and other lower class people. No one in the religion had acknowledged the importance of the document written by Luther, though it would be one of the most significant documents to ever be written in history (Meyer, 2009). Many public figures wanted to excommunicate him. The church did not want to involve him