buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay

buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay How and why ESP is taught in China Central University of Science and Technology (A case study on ESP teaching in Central China University of Science and Technology) Please fill in the questionnaire to enable the researcher to get reliable information. The information received will be used for academic purpose only. A. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Gender a) Female b) male Please select your age bracket a) 51 years and above b) 41-50 years c) 31-40 years d) 21-30 years e) Below 20 years 3) Are you a student or a teacher? a) Student b) Teacher 4. Do you think teaching ESP is necessary when preparing for a career or a certain study? a) Yes b) No c) Dont Know 5. Do you think ESP learning in China Universities is done effectively? a) Yes b) No c) Not sure 6. Do you enjoy learning or teaching ESP course as demanded by your specialization? a) Yes b) No If yes or no state why......................................................................... 7. What are the main features in teaching ESP? Kindly mention them briefly using A comma to separate your points .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................... 8) How does ESP differ from GE in terms of teaching? ESP GE i i ii ii iii iii iv iv v v vi vi 9. Do you think there are favorable or unfavorable conditions faced by teachers of ESP in Wuhan University and Wuhan University of Technology a) Favorable b) Unfavorable If favorable or unfavorable mention them separating your points with a comma .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11. How can the mentioned unfavorable conditions be improved without altering favorable ones? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12. What perception do teachers and students have of ESP and the pedagogical approaches in teaching ESP?........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13. Are there enough ESP teaching materials in the Central China University of Science and Technology? Yes No If yes or no are they relevant? Yes No 14. Do you think that ESP courses taught in the Central China University of Science and Technology are content based? Yes they are No they are not 15. What would you recommend in improving ESP teaching in China Universities and other institutions of higher learning globally?........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Key: ESP- English for Specific Purposes GE- General English (Use this symbol to mark your opinion) Buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay

Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land

Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land Hunter gatherers, with or without a dash, is the term used by anthropologists and archaeologists to describe a specific kind of lifestyle: simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods (called foraging) rather than grow or tend crops. The hunter-gatherer lifestyle was what all human beings followed from the Upper Paleolithic of some 20,000 years ago, until the invention of agriculture about 10,000 years ago. Not every group of us on the planet embraced agriculture and pastoralism, and there are still small, relatively isolated groups today who practice hunting and gathering to one extent or another. Shared Characteristics Hunter-gatherer societies vary in many respects: how much they relied (or rely) on hunting for game versus foraging for plants; how often they moved; how egalitarian their society was. Hunter-gatherer societies of the past and present do have some shared characteristics. In a paper for the  Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University, which has collected ethnographic studies from all types of human societies for decades and ought to know, Carol Ember  defines hunter-gatherers as fully or semi-nomadic people who live in small communities with low population densities, do not have specialized political officers, have little defines hunter-gatherers as fully or semi-nomadic people who live in small communities with low population densities, do not have specialized political officers, have little status differentiation, and divide up required tasks by gender and age. Remember, though, that agriculture and pastoralism werent handed to humans by some extraterrestrial force: the people who began the process of domesticating plants and animals were hunter-gatherers. Full-time hunter-gatherers domesticated dogs, and also maize, broomcorn millet and wheat. They also invented pottery, shrines, and religion, and living in communities. The question is probably best expressed as which came first, domesticated crop or domesticated farmer? Living Hunter-Gatherer Groups Up until about a hundred years ago, hunter-gatherer societies were unknown and unbothered by the rest of us. But in the early 20th century, Western anthropologists became aware of and interested in the groups. Today, there are very few (if any) groups who are unconnected to modern society, taking advantage of modern tools, clothing, and foods, being followed by research scientists and becoming susceptible to modern diseases. Despite that contact, there are still groups who get at least a major portion of their subsistence by hunting wild game and gathering wild plants. Some living hunter-gatherer groups include: Ache (Paraguay), Aka (Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo), Baka (Gabon and Cameroon), Batek (Malaysia), Efe (Democratic Republic of the Congo), G/Wi San (Botswana), Lengua (Paraguay), Mbuti (eastern Congo), Nukak (Colombia), !Kung (Namibia), Toba/Qom (Argentina), Palanan Agta (Phillippines), Ju/hoansi or Dobe (Namibia). Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Arguably, the Hadza of eastern Africa are the most studied living hunter-gatherer groups today. Currently, there are about 1,000 people who call themselves Hadza, although only about 250 are still full-time hunter-gatherers. They live in a savanna-woodland habitat of about 4,000 square kilometers (1,500 square miles) around Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzaniawhere some of our most ancient hominid ancestors also lived. They live in mobile camps of about 30 individuals per camp. The Hadza move their campsites about once every 6 weeks and camp membership changes as people move in and out. The Hadza diet is made up of honey, meat, berries, baobab fruit, tubers and in one region, marula nuts. The men search for animals, honey and sometimes fruit; Hadza women and children specialize in tubers. The men typically go hunting every day, spending between two and six hours hunting alone or in small groups. They hunt birds and small mammals using ​bow and arrow; hunting large game is assisted with poisoned arrows. The men always carry a bow and arrow with them, even if theyre out to get honey, just in case something turns up.​​​ Recent Studies Based on a quick peek into Google Scholar, there are thousands of studies published each year about hunter-gatherers. How do those scholars keep up? Some recent studies I looked at (listed below) have discussed systematic sharing, or the lack of it, among hunter-gatherer groups; responses to the ebola crisis; handedness (hunter-gatherers are predominantly right-handed); color naming (Hadza hunter gatherers have fewer consistent color names but a larger set of idiosyncratic or less common color categories; gut metabolism; tobacco use; anger research; and pottery use by Jomon hunter-gatherers. As researchers have learned more about hunter-gatherer groups, theyve come to recognize that there are groups who have some characteristics of agricultural communities: they live in settled communities, or have gardens when they tend crops, and some of them have social hierarchies, with chiefs and commoners. Those types of groups are referred to as Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Sources The Human Relations Area Files is an excellent place for conducting research on ethnographic studies on hunter-gatherers (or really any human society, past or present). See Carol R. Embers paper linked below. Berbesque JC, Wood BM, Crittenden AN, Mabulla A, and Marlowe FW. 2016. Eat first, share later: Hadza hunter–gatherer men consume more while foraging than in central places. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(4):281-286.Cavanagh T, Berbesque JC, Wood B, and Marlowe F. 2016. Hadza handedness: Lateralized behaviors in a contemporary hunter–gatherer population. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(3):202-209.de la Iglesia HO, Fernndez-Duque E, Golombek DA, Lanza N, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, and Valeggia CR. 2015. Access to electric light is associated with shorter sleep duration in a traditionally hunter-gatherer community. Journal of Biological Rhythms 30(4):342-350.Dyble M, Salali GD, Chaudhary N, Page A, Smith D, Thompson J, Vinicius L, Mace R, and Migliano AB. 2015. Sex equality can explain the unique social structure of hunter-gatherer bands. Science 348(6236):796-798.Eerkens JW, Carlson T, Malhi RS, Blake J, Bartelink EJ, Barfod GH, Estes A, Garibay R, Glessner J, Greenwald AM e t al. 2016. Isotopic and genetic analyses of a mass grave in central California: Implications for precontact hunter-gatherer warfare. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159(1):116-125. Ember CR. 2014. Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers). Human Relations Area Files. Accessed 19 June 2016.Hewlett BS. 2016. Evolutionary Cultural Anthropology: Containing Ebola outbreaks and explaining hunter-gatherer childhoods. Current Anthropology 57(13):S000-S000.Lindsey Delwin  T, Brown Angela  M, Brainard David  H, and Apicella Coren  L. 2015. Hunter-gatherer color naming provides new insight into the evolution of color terms. Current Biology 25(18):2441-2446.Lucquin A, Gibbs K, Uchiyama J, Saul H, Ajimoto M, Eley Y, Radini A, Heron CP, Shoda S, Nishida Y et al. 2016. Ancient lipids document continuity in the use of early hunter–gatherer pottery through 9,000 years of Japanese prehistory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(15):3991-3996.Rampelli S, Schnorr Stephanie  L, Consolandi C, Turroni S, Severgnini M, Peano C, Brigidi P, Crittenden Alyssa  N, Henry Amanda  G, and Candela M. 2015. Metagenome sequencing of the Hadza hunter-gatherer gut microbiota . Current Biology 25(13):1682-1693. Roulette CJ, Hagen E, and Hewlett BS. 2016. A biocultural investigation of gender differences in tobacco use in an egalitarian hunter-gatherer population. Human Nature 27(2):105-129.

In what ways did the Reformation influence the formation of national Essay

In what ways did the Reformation influence the formation of national identity in Europe and North America - Essay Example With this view, Wolfe (2003, p. 24) notes that the vital moment in the formation of identity came when individuals came to view amorphous mass of people as sharing a common history, destiny, culture and interest. In the past few decades, the examination of the history of religion has shifted from the ghetto of clerical history to which it had been long impounded (Veer & Lehmann, 1999, p. 21). Having looked at the general state of identity in the European countries, it is imperative to focus attention on the relationship between reformation and national identity in the European and North American nations. In reference to Arnold (1999), Reformation is the religious insurgency that occurred in the Western church in 16th century. Martin Luther and John Calvin were its greatest leaders. It had far reaching political, social and economic effects and was the primary cause of Protestantism, one of the three primary divisions of Christianity. Meyer (2009) denotes that this revolution aspired to reform the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. However, the revolution’s religious elements were complemented by political leaders who aimed at extending their supremacy and control to the detriment of the church. This upsurge brought an end to the unity inflicted by medieval Christianity and, according to many historians, marked the start of a new era (Meyer, 2009). A deterioration of the old order was by now in progress in North Europe, as verified by the materialization of flourishing new cities and a resolute middle class. The efforts and determination of the leaders of reformation resulted to the creation of new protestant churches (Clark, 2000, p. 251). The world of the medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the reformers aggressed was an intricate. Over the centuries, the church, especially the papacy, had been involved in the political life of Europe. This had resulted to manipulations which prompted the reformers to revolt. The Catholic Church c ontrolled the economy of majority of Europena countries and imposed heavy taxes on the people (Meyer, 2009). Luther saw that Catholic was a way of manipulating the people and driving them away from God. In 1517, Martin Luther, posted a document referred to as the 95 theses. This document outlined reasons by why he believed that Catholicism was completely defective (Clark, 2000, p. 253). Martin Luther’s stand transformed some parts of the Roman Catholic set of guidelines and numerous other practices. He insisted on the point that the Bible and not the pope, was the main way to recognize God’s Word. The pope was an extremely worldly figure and held supremacy in the Catholic Church. For this reason, Arnold (1999) asserts that this point raised eyebrows across the continent. Martin Luther felt that the bible was the most significant aspect in spirituality which the Christians should abide to other than the orders of the pope. He felt that this was an unfair to the true sig nificance of salvation. When Luther criticized the Catholic Church, not everyone accepted him as a savior of religion. At first, he only appealed to the barbarians and other lower class people. No one in the religion had acknowledged the importance of the document written by Luther, though it would be one of the most significant documents to ever be written in history (Meyer, 2009). Many public figures wanted to excommunicate him. The church did not want to involve him